凤头百灵
Wang.QG · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
凤头百灵
夏仲归 · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF

凤头百灵

Galerida cristata

Crested Lark

IUCN: 无危

简介

凤头百灵是百灵科鸟类,广泛分布于欧亚大陆和北非。该物种为留鸟,但在英国等地有零星漂泊记录。其最显著的特征是头顶醒目的羽冠。栖息于干旱开阔地区,包括道路两侧和农田边缘。IUCN评估为无危物种。

形态特征

体型较小,体长约17厘米,翼展29-38厘米,体重37-55克。与欧亚百灵大小相近,但整体更粗壮。全身棕色,短尾外侧羽色较浅。羽毛柔软稀疏。头顶具显著的黑色羽冠,平时明显,繁殖期更为突出。飞行时翼下呈红色。

如何辨识

野外辨识主要通过羽冠和喙型。与近似种西草百灵相比,喙较细长,翼下覆羽为红色而非灰色,背部条纹较西草百灵浅。

分布与栖息地

分布于欧洲大部分地区至东亚和中国东北部,南至印度和非洲尼日尔。为留鸟,极少北迁。栖息于干旱开阔地区,常见于道路两侧、农田、铁路边及机场等沙质地区。在瑞典、挪威、瑞士等国已区域性灭绝。

习性与生态

鸣声婉转多变,描述为whee-whee-wheeoo或twee-tee-too。常在空中30-60米高处鸣唱,也在地面鸣叫。巢筑于地面凹陷处,巢材主要为枯草和草根。每窝产3-5枚卵,孵化期11-12天。幼鸟8天离巢,15-16天飞翔。每年繁殖2窝。

生存状况

IUCN无危。全球种群估计2200万至9120万只,欧洲繁殖对数360-760万。自1982年以来欧洲种群持续下降,推测全球种群呈下降趋势。威胁因素包括栖息地丧失和农业集约化。

文化

圣方济各认为该鸟具有特殊意义,因其棕灰色羽色和羽冠与方济各会修士的着装相似,其谦逊的习性和路边觅食的特点也与之相符。

改写自: 英文维基百科 · CC BY-SA 3.0

分类信息

雀形目 Passeriformes
百灵科 Alaudidae
凤头百灵属 Galerida
eBird 代码
crelar1
CBR 编号
#792

亚种 (35)

  • Galerida cristata alexanderi

    northern Nigeria to western Sudan and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

  • Galerida cristata altirostris

    eastern Sudan and Eritrea

  • Galerida cristata apuliae

    southern peninsular Italy and Sicily

  • Galerida cristata arenicola

    northeastern Algerian Sahara to southern Tunisia and northwestern Libya

  • Galerida cristata balsaci

    coastal Mauritania

  • Galerida cristata brachyura

    northeastern Libya to coastal northern Egypt, northern Sinai, northern Saudi Arabia, and southern Iraq

  • Galerida cristata carthaginis

    coastal northeastern Morocco to northern Tunisia (eastward to Sousse)

  • Galerida cristata caucasica

    eastern Aegean Islands, northern Türkiye, southern Caucasus, and western Transcaucasia

  • Galerida cristata chendoola

    foothills of southern Kashmir to eastern Pakistan, western and northern India, and southern Nepal

  • Galerida cristata cinnamomina

    western Lebanon (western from Beirut) and northwestern Israel (Mount Carmel and Haifa)

  • Galerida cristata coreensis

    Korea

  • Galerida cristata cristata

    central Europe to Slovenia, Belarus, northern Hungary, and northern Ukraine

  • Galerida cristata cypriaca

    Kárpathos, Rhodes, and Cyprus

  • Galerida cristata festae

    coastal northeastern Libya (Benghazi to Tobruq)

  • Galerida cristata halfae

    Egypt (Nile Valley south of Aswan) to far northern Sudan (Wadi Halfa)

  • Galerida cristata helenae

    southeastern Algeria and immediately adjacent southwestern Libya

  • Galerida cristata isabellina

    central Sudan (Kordofan to Nile Valley)

  • Galerida cristata jordansi

    northern Niger (Aïr Mountains)

  • Galerida cristata kleinschmidti

    northwestern Morocco (eastward to Rif Mountains and southward to Middle Atlas)

  • Galerida cristata leautungensis

    Manchuria and northeastern China

  • Galerida cristata lynesi

    northern Kashmir (Gilgit Valley)

  • Galerida cristata macrorhyncha

    southern Morocco and northwestern Algeria south of Atlas Saharien to west-central Mauritania

  • Galerida cristata maculata

    Egypt (Nile Valley from Cairo to Aswan and El Faiyum)

  • Galerida cristata magna

    central Iran and central Turkmenistan eastward to southern Mongolia, northwestern China, and southward to northwestern Pakistan

  • Galerida cristata meridionalis

    southwestern and southern Balkans, Ionian Islands (western Greece), Crete, and western Anatolian Türkiye

  • Galerida cristata neumanni

    Italy (Toscana southward to Rome area)

  • Galerida cristata nigricans

    northern Egypt (Nile Delta)

  • Galerida cristata pallida

    Iberian Peninsula

  • Galerida cristata randonii

    Hauts Plateaux of eastern Morocco and northwestern Algeria

  • Galerida cristata riggenbachi

    western Morocco (Casablanca to Sous Valley)

  • Galerida cristata senegallensis

    southern Mauritania, Senegambia, and Guinea-Bissau to Niger

  • Galerida cristata somaliensis

    northern Somalia, southern Ethiopia, and northern Kenya

  • Galerida cristata subtaurica

    central Türkiye to southern Transcaucasia, northwestern Iran, western Turkmenistan, and eastern Iraq

  • Galerida cristata tenuirostris

    eastern Hungary and Romania to southern Russia and western Kazakhstan

  • Galerida cristata zion

    southern Türkiye, Syria, eastern Lebanon, and eastern Israel (southward to Jerusalem)

数据来源

物种描述来自维基百科,以 CC BY-SA 3.0 许可证发布。

鸟类图片与鸣声来自 GBIF,由全球公民科学家贡献,遵循各自 Creative Commons 许可证。

分类数据来自 AviList 2025。