凤头百灵
Galerida cristata
Crested Lark
简介
凤头百灵是百灵科鸟类,广泛分布于欧亚大陆和北非。该物种为留鸟,但在英国等地有零星漂泊记录。其最显著的特征是头顶醒目的羽冠。栖息于干旱开阔地区,包括道路两侧和农田边缘。IUCN评估为无危物种。
形态特征
体型较小,体长约17厘米,翼展29-38厘米,体重37-55克。与欧亚百灵大小相近,但整体更粗壮。全身棕色,短尾外侧羽色较浅。羽毛柔软稀疏。头顶具显著的黑色羽冠,平时明显,繁殖期更为突出。飞行时翼下呈红色。
如何辨识
野外辨识主要通过羽冠和喙型。与近似种西草百灵相比,喙较细长,翼下覆羽为红色而非灰色,背部条纹较西草百灵浅。
分布与栖息地
分布于欧洲大部分地区至东亚和中国东北部,南至印度和非洲尼日尔。为留鸟,极少北迁。栖息于干旱开阔地区,常见于道路两侧、农田、铁路边及机场等沙质地区。在瑞典、挪威、瑞士等国已区域性灭绝。
习性与生态
鸣声婉转多变,描述为whee-whee-wheeoo或twee-tee-too。常在空中30-60米高处鸣唱,也在地面鸣叫。巢筑于地面凹陷处,巢材主要为枯草和草根。每窝产3-5枚卵,孵化期11-12天。幼鸟8天离巢,15-16天飞翔。每年繁殖2窝。
生存状况
IUCN无危。全球种群估计2200万至9120万只,欧洲繁殖对数360-760万。自1982年以来欧洲种群持续下降,推测全球种群呈下降趋势。威胁因素包括栖息地丧失和农业集约化。
文化
圣方济各认为该鸟具有特殊意义,因其棕灰色羽色和羽冠与方济各会修士的着装相似,其谦逊的习性和路边觅食的特点也与之相符。
改写自: 英文维基百科 · CC BY-SA 3.0
分类信息
- 目
- 雀形目 Passeriformes
- 科
- 百灵科 Alaudidae
- 属
- 凤头百灵属 Galerida
- eBird 代码
- crelar1
- CBR 编号
- #792
亚种 (35)
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Galerida cristata alexanderi
northern Nigeria to western Sudan and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Galerida cristata altirostris
eastern Sudan and Eritrea
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Galerida cristata apuliae
southern peninsular Italy and Sicily
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Galerida cristata arenicola
northeastern Algerian Sahara to southern Tunisia and northwestern Libya
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Galerida cristata balsaci
coastal Mauritania
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Galerida cristata brachyura
northeastern Libya to coastal northern Egypt, northern Sinai, northern Saudi Arabia, and southern Iraq
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Galerida cristata carthaginis
coastal northeastern Morocco to northern Tunisia (eastward to Sousse)
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Galerida cristata caucasica
eastern Aegean Islands, northern Türkiye, southern Caucasus, and western Transcaucasia
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Galerida cristata chendoola
foothills of southern Kashmir to eastern Pakistan, western and northern India, and southern Nepal
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Galerida cristata cinnamomina
western Lebanon (western from Beirut) and northwestern Israel (Mount Carmel and Haifa)
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Galerida cristata coreensis
Korea
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Galerida cristata cristata
central Europe to Slovenia, Belarus, northern Hungary, and northern Ukraine
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Galerida cristata cypriaca
Kárpathos, Rhodes, and Cyprus
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Galerida cristata festae
coastal northeastern Libya (Benghazi to Tobruq)
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Galerida cristata halfae
Egypt (Nile Valley south of Aswan) to far northern Sudan (Wadi Halfa)
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Galerida cristata helenae
southeastern Algeria and immediately adjacent southwestern Libya
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Galerida cristata isabellina
central Sudan (Kordofan to Nile Valley)
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Galerida cristata jordansi
northern Niger (Aïr Mountains)
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Galerida cristata kleinschmidti
northwestern Morocco (eastward to Rif Mountains and southward to Middle Atlas)
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Galerida cristata leautungensis
Manchuria and northeastern China
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Galerida cristata lynesi
northern Kashmir (Gilgit Valley)
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Galerida cristata macrorhyncha
southern Morocco and northwestern Algeria south of Atlas Saharien to west-central Mauritania
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Galerida cristata maculata
Egypt (Nile Valley from Cairo to Aswan and El Faiyum)
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Galerida cristata magna
central Iran and central Turkmenistan eastward to southern Mongolia, northwestern China, and southward to northwestern Pakistan
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Galerida cristata meridionalis
southwestern and southern Balkans, Ionian Islands (western Greece), Crete, and western Anatolian Türkiye
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Galerida cristata neumanni
Italy (Toscana southward to Rome area)
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Galerida cristata nigricans
northern Egypt (Nile Delta)
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Galerida cristata pallida
Iberian Peninsula
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Galerida cristata randonii
Hauts Plateaux of eastern Morocco and northwestern Algeria
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Galerida cristata riggenbachi
western Morocco (Casablanca to Sous Valley)
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Galerida cristata senegallensis
southern Mauritania, Senegambia, and Guinea-Bissau to Niger
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Galerida cristata somaliensis
northern Somalia, southern Ethiopia, and northern Kenya
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Galerida cristata subtaurica
central Türkiye to southern Transcaucasia, northwestern Iran, western Turkmenistan, and eastern Iraq
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Galerida cristata tenuirostris
eastern Hungary and Romania to southern Russia and western Kazakhstan
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Galerida cristata zion
southern Türkiye, Syria, eastern Lebanon, and eastern Israel (southward to Jerusalem)
数据来源
物种描述来自维基百科,以 CC BY-SA 3.0 许可证发布。
鸟类图片与鸣声来自 GBIF,由全球公民科学家贡献,遵循各自 Creative Commons 许可证。
分类数据来自 AviList 2025。