角百灵
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角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
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角百灵
Karen and Mike · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Karen and Mike · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Karen and Mike · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Wang.QG · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF
角百灵
Mathieu Soetens · CC_BY_4_0 via GBIF

角百灵

Eremophila alpestris

Horned Lark

IUCN: 无危

简介

百灵科角百灵属鸟类,分布于北半球广大地区。在北美洲因头部具有角状羽毛而得名'角百灵',在欧洲因冬季常见于海滨而得名'海滨百灵'。栖息于开阔的地面环境,包括冻原、高山草甸、海滨沙滩、农田和荒漠等。是北半球分布最广泛的百灵科鸟类之一,种群数量呈下降趋势。

形态特征

体型修长,身长16-20厘米,翼展30-34厘米,体重28-48克。整体羽色上面褐灰、下面浅淡,面部具有醒目的黑色和黄色图案。尾羽大部分黑色,与身体形成明显对比,飞行时尤为显著。夏季雄鸟头顶伸出两撮黑色角状羽毛,故得此名。不同地区亚种的面部图案和背部颜色存在差异。

如何辨识

野外辨识度高,区别于其他百灵科鸟类。显著特征为黑色尾羽与浅色身体的强烈对比,以及雄鸟头部的黑色角状羽。飞行时可听到高频清脆的鸣叫声。冬季在欧洲海滨容易与近似种区分,在北美洲无其他百灵类竞争者。

分布与栖息地

繁殖范围覆盖北美洲从高北极至墨西哥地峡、欧洲北部及亚洲北部和山区,在哥伦比亚高原有孤立种群。南部种群为留鸟,北部种群冬季南迁。栖息于开阔环境:欧亚大陆繁殖于树木线以上高山和极地冻原,冬季常见于欧洲海滨沙滩,英国为冬季迁徙驿站。

习性与生态

鸣声高频、轻微嘶哑或清脆。繁殖期雄鸟在空中盘旋鸣唱求偶,随后俯冲展示。雌鸟单独选择并筑巢于地面凹陷处或自行挖掘,巢址准备2-4天。巢以草、细根编织,内衬绒毛,直径约8-10厘米。每窝产2-5枚灰色带棕斑的卵,孵化期10-12天,雏鸟留巢8-10天。南部一年可繁殖2-3窝,北部通常1窝。

生存状况

北美种群持续下降,2016年被列为'急剧下降的常见鸟类'。主要威胁包括农业农药导致的栖息地丧失、自然演替使开阔地转为林地、城市化扩张、风力发电机和机场的碰撞事故。条纹角百灵亚种于2013年被列为受威胁物种。

改写自: 英文维基百科 · CC BY-SA 3.0

分类信息

雀形目 Passeriformes
百灵科 Alaudidae
角百灵属 Eremophila
eBird 代码
horlar
CBR 编号
#793

亚种 (42)

  • Eremophila alpestris actia

    coastal range of California to northern Baja California

  • Eremophila alpestris adusta

    southern Arizona (south of Tucson) to far southwestern New Mexico and northern Sonora

  • Eremophila alpestris albigula

    mountains of northern and eastern Iran to Pamirs, Afghanistan, and western China

  • Eremophila alpestris alpestris

    breeds Arctic northeastern Canada to Newfoundland; winters to coastal southeastern USA

  • Eremophila alpestris alpina

    arctic-alpine summits of northwestern USA (mounts Rainier and St. Helens)

  • Eremophila alpestris ammophila

    desert of southwestern Nevada and southeastern California; winters to northwestern Mexico

  • Eremophila alpestris aphrasta

    northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua and Durango)

  • Eremophila alpestris arcticola

    northern Alaska to mountains of British Columbia and northern Washington

  • Eremophila alpestris argalea

    western China (far southwestern Xinjiang) to northwestern India (Kashmir to Ladakh)

  • Eremophila alpestris atlas

    high plateaux of Morocco

  • Eremophila alpestris balcanica

    southeastern Europe (Balkans)

  • Eremophila alpestris bicornis

    western Türkiye (Taurus Mountains) to Lebanon and Palestine

  • Eremophila alpestris brandti

    steppes of central Asia to mountains of western Mongolia and northern China

  • Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema

    southern Mexican Plateau (Jalisco to Michoacán, Puebla, and Veracruz)

  • Eremophila alpestris diaphora

    northeastern Mexico (southeastern Coahuila to southern Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, and northeastern Puebla)

  • Eremophila alpestris elwesi

    western China (southern Qinghai and southern Tibet) to northern Sikkim

  • Eremophila alpestris enertera

    west-central Baja California and coastal islands south of Magdalena Bay

  • Eremophila alpestris enthymia

    breeds Great Plains of central Canada to central USA; winters to northern Mexico

  • Eremophila alpestris flava

    northern Palearctic region

  • Eremophila alpestris giraudi

    coastal prairie region of southeastern Texas (USA) to eastern Mexico (northeastern Tamaulipas)

  • Eremophila alpestris hoyti

    breeds Arctic coast of North America to southern Canada; winters to northern USA

  • Eremophila alpestris insularis

    Channel Islands (off southern California)

  • Eremophila alpestris khamensis

    southwestern China (Kham region of western and southern Sichuan)

  • Eremophila alpestris kumerloevei

    western and central Türkiye

  • Eremophila alpestris lactea

    northeastern Mexico (Coahuila)

  • Eremophila alpestris lamprochroma

    southeastern Oregon to southwestern Idaho, northeastern California, and western Nevada

  • Eremophila alpestris leucansiptila

    Colorado Desert (southwestern Nevada, western Arizona, northeastern Baja California, and northwestern Sonora)

  • Eremophila alpestris leucolaema

    breeds southern Canada to southwestern USA and northwestern Texas; winters to northwestern Mexico

  • Eremophila alpestris longirostris

    northwestern Himalayas

  • Eremophila alpestris merrilli

    east slope of Cascades and adjacent lowlands from British Columbia to northeastern California

  • Eremophila alpestris nigrifrons

    western China (Kokonor to western Gansu)

  • Eremophila alpestris oaxacae

    southern Mexico (eastern Oaxaca)

  • Eremophila alpestris occidentalis

    northern and central Arizona to north-central New Mexico; winters to northern Mexico

  • Eremophila alpestris penicillata

    mountains of Türkiye, the Caucasus, and western Iran

  • Eremophila alpestris peregrina

    eastern Andes of Colombia

  • Eremophila alpestris praticola

    breeds southeastern Canada to central and east-central USA; some winter to Florida

  • Eremophila alpestris przewalskii

    western China (northwestern Qinghai)

  • Eremophila alpestris rubea

    central California (Sacramento Valley)

  • Eremophila alpestris sierrae

    mountains of northeastern California (southern Cascades and northern Sierra Nevada)

  • Eremophila alpestris strigata

    humid coastal belt of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern USA west of the Cascades

  • Eremophila alpestris teleschowi

    mountains of western China (far southeastern Xinjiang)

  • Eremophila alpestris utahensis

    south-central Idaho to east-central Nevada and west-central Utah

数据来源

物种描述来自维基百科,以 CC BY-SA 3.0 许可证发布。

鸟类图片与鸣声来自 GBIF,由全球公民科学家贡献,遵循各自 Creative Commons 许可证。

分类数据来自 AviList 2025。