芦鹀
Emberiza schoeniclus
Common Reed Bunting
简介
体长约14厘米。分布于欧亚大陆湿地，栖息于芦苇边缘和潮湿草甸，繁殖期在芦苇丛或灌木中筑巢。近年欧洲部分地区种群数量下降。
形态特征
这是一种中等体型的雀类，体长13.5至15.5厘米，体重10至28克，拥有一张虽小但有力的种子喙。雄鸟的繁殖羽极为醒目：头部和喉部为纯黑色，具白色颈圈和下体，背部为浓重条纹的棕色。雌鸟则暗淡许多，头部呈条纹棕色，下体同样具有较多条纹，整体羽色以褐色为主。
如何辨识
辨识要点在于雄鸟的黑色头喉部和白色颈圈，这是最显著的特征。雌鸟与近似种的区别在于其全身较为统一的条纹棕色外观，特别是头部和胸部的条纹pattern。与其他鹀类的区别可通过其偏好的栖息环境——芦苇湿地和潮湿草甸——以及较为单一的鸣叫声来判断。
分布与栖息地
分布于欧洲大部分地区和整个古北区。繁殖栖息地包括芦苇地、紫色沼草和灯心草牧场、 Moorland及农田，偏好排水不良的中性和酸性土壤。迁徙行为因地区而异：北方种群冬季南迁至南欧和亚洲西南部，而南部和西部温和地区的种群则为留鸟。
习性与生态
以种子为主食，繁殖期育雏时增加昆虫摄入。繁殖期为4月初至8月底，视地理位置和海拔而定。营一夫一妻制，巢以树枝、草和芦苇构成，内衬毛发、苔藓和细根，置于灌木或芦苇丛中。每窝产4至5枚橄榄灰色卵，具鹀类特有的发丝状斑纹。孵化期12至15天，由双亲共同孵化和育雏。雄鸟鸣唱为重复的单调音节。
生存状况
IUCN评估为无危物种。欧洲种群估计至少480万对，主要集中于瑞典、波兰和挪威。然而，在挪威、瑞典、丹麦和德国等国的种群呈下降趋势，主要威胁因素包括湿地丧失、农业集约化和栖息地退化。
改写自： 英文维基百科 · CC BY-SA 3.0
分类信息
- 目
- 雀形目 Passeriformes
- 科
- 鹀科 Emberizidae
- 属
- 鹀属 Emberiza
- eBird 代码
- reebun
- CBR 编号
- #1514
亚种 (19)
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Emberiza schoeniclus caspia
eastern Caucasus to western and southern Iran, Syria, adjacent southeastern Türkiye, and northeastern Iraq
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Emberiza schoeniclus centralasiae
western China (Tarim Basin eastward to Lop Nur, Xinjiang)
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Emberiza schoeniclus harterti
far southern Russia (southern Tuva), far eastern Kazakhstan, northwestern China (Xinjiang), and western and central Mongolia
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Emberiza schoeniclus incognita
breeds Russia east of Volga to southern Urals and northern Kazakhstan; winters to northwestern China
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Emberiza schoeniclus intermedia
Italy (including Sicily) eastward to Albania
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Emberiza schoeniclus korejewi
eastern Iran
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Emberiza schoeniclus lusitanica
Portugal and northwestern Spain
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Emberiza schoeniclus pallidior
breeds southwestern Siberia; winters to Caucasus to northwestern India and Mongolia
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Emberiza schoeniclus parvirostris
breeds central Siberia and northern Mongolia; winters to northern China
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Emberiza schoeniclus passerina
breeds northwestern Siberia; winters in southern Asia, from northern India to western China
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Emberiza schoeniclus pyrrhulina
Transbaikalia to Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, and Hokkaido
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Emberiza schoeniclus pyrrhuloides
northern Caspian Sea region eastward to southeastern Kazakhstan
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Emberiza schoeniclus reiseri
Albania, Macedonia, and northern Greece
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Emberiza schoeniclus schoeniclus
breeds British Isles and northwestern Europe to central Russia; winters to North Africa
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Emberiza schoeniclus stresemanni
eastern Austria, Hungary, northern Serbia, and northwestern Romania
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Emberiza schoeniclus tschusii
Bulgaria and Romania east across the northern Black Sea to the Sea of Azov
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Emberiza schoeniclus ukrainae
breeds southern Russia to northern Ukraine and Volga River; winters to Caucasus
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Emberiza schoeniclus witherbyi
northwestern Morocco, eastern Spain (including the Balearic Islands), and Mediterranean coast of France and Sardinia
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Emberiza schoeniclus zaidamensis
western China (Qaidam Basin in northern Qinghai)
数据来源
物种描述来自维基百科，以 CC BY-SA 3.0 许可证发布。
鸟类图片与鸣声来自 GBIF，由全球公民科学家贡献，遵循各自 Creative Commons 许可证。
分类数据来自 AviList 2025。